Understand the basics →
How a heat pump works, and where it is used.
REFRIGERATION · HEAT PUMPS · WASTE-HEAT RECOVERY
Compare energy costs per kWh of heat; add the data needed to estimate annual costs.
Calculations depend on data, assumptions and models; they do not replace design or procurement review.
The icon needs a network connection and opens the latest pages on this site. On iPhone and iPad, a web app does not include projects already saved in Safari. An Android icon usually keeps projects from that browser; export them before changing phones or clearing data.
How a heat pump works, and where it is used.
From refrigeration heat to hot water
Principles, methods and references
Engineering toolsEast China R32 is still ¥63,500–64,500/t. The R22 market band is ¥17,000–18,000/t. The UK budget keeps the Boiler Upgrade Scheme at £400 million in 2027–28. Two openstd pages now say the multi-split standards are in force.华东 R32 还是 6.35–6.45 万元/吨。R22 市场区间是 1.7–1.8 万元/吨。英国预算把锅炉升级计划维持在 2027–28 财年 4 亿英镑。两本多联机标准的全文公开系统页已经标为现行。